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D met his girlfriend, C. M., for lunch in a parking lot. C. M. is the mother of D’s young child. D and C. M. began arguing, and D became enraged. C. M. attempted to leave. D grabbed her by the wrist, dragged her back to his car, and shoved her in, causing her to strike her head against the dashboard. A bystander was watching and D paused to retrieve a gun from under the passenger seat. C. M. took advantage of the opportunity to escape. D fired as she fled, although it is unclear whether he was aiming at C. M. or the witness. D later called C. M. and warned that he would shoot her if she reported the incident. C. M. got a restraining order. C. M. recounted the parking lot incident as well as other assaults. D did not contest C. M.’s testimony. On February 5, 2020, a state court issued a restraining order against him. The order, entered with the consent of both parties, included a finding that D had committed “family violence.” C. M. got a restraining order. C. M. recounted the parking lot incident as well as other assaults. D did not contest C. M.’s testimony. On February 5, 2020, a state court issued a restraining order against him. The order, entered with the consent of both parties, included a finding that D had committed “family violence.” The order found that this violence was “likely to occur again” and that D posed “a credible threat” to the “physical safety” of C. M. and his minor child. The order prohibited D from threatening C. M. or her family for two years or contacting C. M. during that period except to discuss A. R. C. M. got a restraining order. C. M. recounted the parking lot incident as well as other assaults. D did not contest C. M.’s testimony. On February 5, 2020, a state court issued a restraining order against him. The order, entered with the consent of both parties, included a finding that D had committed “family violence.” The order found that this violence was “likely to occur again” and that D posed “a credible threat” to the “physical safety” of C. M. and his minor child. The order prohibited D from threatening C. M. or her family for two years or contacting C. M. during that period except to discuss A. R. Id., at 3-7. It suspended D’s gun license for two years. D violated the order by approaching C. M.’s home at night. He also began contacting her through several social media accounts. In November, D threatened a different woman with a gun, resulting in a charge of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon. While D was under arrest for that assault, the Texas police identified him as the suspect in a spate of at least five additional shootings. These incidents include a drug deal customer talking trash and being shot at, a car accident with a shooting, firing his gun into the air, road rage, and a declined credit card and firing the gun. After executing a search warrant police discovered a pistol, a rifle, ammunition-and a copy of the restraining order. D was indicted on one count of possessing a firearm in violation of 18 U. S. C. §922(g)(8). such a violation was punishable by up to 10 years’ imprisonment (since amended to 15 years). D moved to dismiss the indictment, arguing that Section 922(g)(8) violated on its face the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms. The District Court denied his motion. D pleaded guilty. On appeal, he again raised his Second Amendment challenge. The appeal was denied, and D petitioned for rehearing en banc. The Court decided New York State Rifle & Pistol Assn., Inc. v. Bruen, which held when a firearm regulation is challenged under the Second Amendment, the Government must show that the restriction “is consistent with the Nation’s historical tradition of firearm regulation.” A new panel then heard the oral argument and reversed. The panel concluded that Section 922(g)(8) does not fit within our tradition of firearm regulation. P appealed.

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