This section contains the nature of the case and procedural background.

Casey's General Stores, Inc. and Hy-Vee, Inc., operate stores in Oskaloosa, Iowa. On October 26, 1996, cashiers in both stores sold alcoholic beverages to underage customers without requiring identification or attempting to ascertain the customer's age. These sales violated policies and procedures established by the corporations to prevent the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors. Ds were charged with the crime of selling alcoholic beverages to an underage person in violation of Iowa Code sections 123.47 and 123.49(2)(h) (1995). These simple misdemeanor charges were tried to the court and D were found guilty. Their convictions were affirmed on appeal to the district court. Ds appealed.

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