This section contains the nature of the case and procedural background.

New York State law required that the master of a vessel arriving in New York, from another country or another state in the United States, provide a detailed report on every person brought as a passenger in the ship. The law also required the master to post security for the maintenance of immigrants and their children who became wards of the city and to remove any noncitizens that the mayor deemed likely to become dependent. Miln (D) was fined $15,000 for violations of the act. D sued to recover the penalties.

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