This section contains the nature of the case and procedural background.

On the 15th of October, 1872 P, a native born, free, white citizen of the United States, and of the State of Missouri, over the age of twenty-one years, wishing to vote for electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, and for a representative in Congress, and for other officers, applied to D, the registrar of voters, to register her as a lawful voter. D refused to do so contending that she was not a 'male citizen of the United States.' P thereupon sued D in one of the inferior State courts of Missouri, for willfully refusing to place her name upon the list of registered voters, by which refusal she was deprived of her right to vote. D demurred, and the court in which the suit was brought sustained the demurrer, and gave judgment in his favor; a judgment which the State Supreme Court affirmed. The Supreme Court granted certiorari.

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