This section contains the nature of the case and procedural background.

One week after an armed robbery of a Sprint store, D was stopped and frisked. No weapons or contraband were found but an officer removed a car key from his belt loop without his consent and walked to a nearby parking lot in search of the car associated with the key. D denied having a car. A red Buick responded to the key fob. D fled and was apprehended a short distance away. A handgun was recovered from the car and later introduced at D's trial as the weapon used in the Sprint store robbery. The gun was admitted at trial along with surveillance video of the robbery. P introduced testimony by D's co-defendant Beatty, who described in detail how he and D planned and committed the robbery of the Sprint store where Beatty worked. Cell phone evidence introduced included toll records showing seven calls between D and Beatty on the evening of the robbery, as well as cell site location information (CSLI) admitted to show D's movement toward the Sprint store before the robbery and away from the store afterward. The district court denied D's motion to exclude the testimony of Jeffrey Bennett, P's cell data mapping expert. D was found guilty. D appealed.

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