This section contains the nature of the case and procedural background.

P were an unincorporated association of law students formed to enhance the quality of human environment. P alleged that the increase in freight rates had made it less economical to ship refuse to recycling plants and that more refuse was disposed of in parks and that made their use and enjoyment of those parks diminished. P sued, and the District Court forbid the Commission from collecting the 2.5% surcharge on goods being transported for recycling. The United States appealed on grounds of standing. The Supreme Court granted certiorari.

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